Oliver Legge, Martin Johnson, Natalie Hicks, Tim Jickells, Markus Diesing, John Aldridge, Julian Andrews, Yuri Artioli, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Michael T. Burrows, Nealy Carr, Gemma Cripps, Stacey L. Felgate, Liam Fernand, Naomi Greenwood, Susan Hartman, Silke Kröger, Gennadi Lessin, Claire Mahaffey, Daniel J. Mayor, Ruth Parker, Ana M. Queirós, Jamie D. Shutler, Tiago Silva, Henrik Stahl, Jonathan Tinker, Graham J. C. Underwood, Johan Van Der Molen, Sarah Wakelin, Keith Weston and Phillip Williamson, March 2020. Carbon on the Northwest European Shelf: Contemporary Budget and Future Influences, Frontiers in Marine Science 
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LIFE Farm4More - Future Agricultural Management for multiple outputs on climate and rural development

Life Farm4More aims to reduce GHG emissions in the agriculture sector by:

1. Creating and characterization of low emissions animal feeds from biorefinery products:
   1. organic/non-organic grass-legumes press-cakes with/without biochar;
   2. protein derived ingredients - crude protein (CP); hydrolysed protein; amino acid (AA) and polypeptides (PP) concentrates;
2. Testing the new biorefinery sourced feeds in animal trials (cattle, pig and poultry)
3. Screening for additional non-feed applications for the generated biorefinery products
4. Screening and assessing alternative feed input substrates (ensiled seaweed)
5. Assessing economic feasibility
6. Establishing and managing a member state/stakeholder group (Ireland, Austria, Denmark) geospecific biorefinery implementation.
7. Preparing specific dissemination material for agricultural- and policy level-actors

BMRS role

To optimise seaweed preservation methods by reducing its currently Global Warming Potential (GWP).

Drying seaweeds is the most common preservation method, but it is labour intensive and has a greater Global Warming Potential (GWP) than grass silage. BMRS will replace drying by a novel ensiling process. The new ensiling process will ensure that its nutritional- and monetary-value is maintained, while producing a bi-product, that possesses similar chemical characteristics to that of grass-silage press juice. The seaweed-silage press juice will be fed to the biorefinery as an alternative input substrate whereby its GHG reductions in relation to current seaweed-production techniques will be identified.

Update April 2020

Chopping Alaria for sample buckets and bags for trial 2Vacuum sealed bags before being sealedAlaria silage in fermentation bucket 23 days post-harvest from Trial 1

Update September 2023

LIFE Farm4More are attempting to reduce GHG emissions in agriculture by transforming seaweed into protein-rich green biorefinery feedstock.

The project will involve investigating a novel seaweed-ensiling process as an alternative to drying to preserve seaweeds nutritional and monetary value. The study will also investigate the waste effluent produced by the silage. Seaweed cultivation optimisation strategies will be studied with the aim of maximising seaweed protein and/or mannitol content.

Update September 2020

AgRefine is a Disruptive Innovative Cooperative Entrepreneurial (DICE) education, training and skills development programme rolling out the next generation of Agri Biorefinery and Valorisation Bioeconomy leaders. This project consists of 15 highly interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral PhD projects, each specialising in specific aspects of the bioeconomy. 

AgRefine, a European Training Network (ETN), will train 15 Early Stage Researchers (ESRs) in the necessary skills and knowledge to position Europe as the global leader in developing an agri-bioeconomy industry based on the advanced biorefinery technologies.

Aim:

Its overall aim is to address the shortcomings and overcome the weaknesses that current stand-alone AD and biorefinery technologies possess. 

BMRS Role:

BMRS will host ESR 7 (Priya Pollard) who will investigate a novel seaweed-ensiling process as an alternative to drying to preserve seaweeds nutritional and monetary value. The study will also investigate the waste effluent produced by the silage. Seaweed cultivation optimisation strategies will be studied with the aim of maximising seaweed protein and/or mannitol content.

BMRS will also provide ESR’s 3 (Eleftheria Papadopoulou), 5 & 8 (Mariana Cerca) with industry experience over their secondments.

Seaweed being prepped for ensilageSeaweed being compacted into buckets for ensilage.Collection tubes labelled and ready for leachate collectionpH of Leachates being monitored on day 21 of ensilage.Leachate collected and stored for further analysis.Leachates collected from buckets on day 90 of ensilage.Bucket Day 90 of ensilage.Bags day 90 of ensilageEnsiled seaweed and leachate being shipped off to the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) for down-stream processing.Spraying collectors with Alaria esculenta gametophytes.

Small scale silage optimization tests have begun on select kelp species.

Homogenising kelp with additives before ensilage.Kelp in vacuum sealed bag on day zero of ensilage.

The tender covers the use of the BMRS facilities to run any land-based tank trials. It also covers the use of the algal hatchery facilities. It requires BMRS to develop and carry out trials using our own initiative.

Impact of ocean acidification on bivalve ontogeny trial

Aim of the research project

The aim of this research project is to assess the impact of climate change related factors such as pH, salinity and temperature on development phenology and growth of bivalve species relevant to Irish culture. Larval rearing will be undertaken in incubators with environmental variables adjusted to the predicted levels (IPCC 2014 Synthesis Report) and controls that replicate optimum conditions. Larval development will be assessed weekly and environmental parameters kept constant and recorded daily.

Update May 2020

Normal trocophore before treatment inoculation on the left vs distorted trocophore spotted in low pH treatment on the right.

Normal D- larvae in control treatment on the left vs D- larvae with protruding mantle spotted in medium pH treatment on the right both after 5 days in their respective treatments.

Update April 2020

Larvae trap with 30µm mesh sievesIncubators with larval treatments

Normal trocophore before treatment inoculation Distorted trocophore spotted in low pH treatment D-larvae sampled in the second week of treatment in high pH and medium salinity treatment

Update March 2020

Ripeness assessment and tracking of adult mussels’ developmental stage.

Female mussel in redeveloping phase open on the left and oocytes loosely arranged in follicles on the right.

Male mussel in ripe phase open in the left and sperm actively moving on the right.

Update February 2020

Opened ripe male mussel with mantle obscured by follicles on the left and microscope gonad squash preparation full of active sperm on the right

Thermal shock during a spawning trial

Male spawning

Update January 2020

Mussel developmental conditioning to assess Mytilus edulis gonad ripeness. Developing/redeveloping individual with the internal organs exposed on the photograph on the left (A) and relatively thick mantle with opaque follicles exposed on the right (B).

Liu, Feng, Zhang, Yongyu, Bi, Yuping, Chen, Weizhou, Moejes, Fiona Wanjiku. 2019. Understanding the Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Phaeophyceae Inferred from Mitogenomes of Ishige okamurae (Ishigeales) and Dictyopteris divaricata (Dictyotales). Journal of Molecular Evolution January 2019.
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Liu, Feng, Liu, Xingfeng, Wang, Yu, Jin, Zhe, Moejes, Fiona Wanjiku, Sun, Song. 2018. Insights on the Sargassum horneri golden tides in the Yellow Sea inferred from morphological and molecular data. Limnol. Oceanogr., 63: 1762-1773.
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Liu, Feng,  Pan,Jun,  Zhang,Zhongshan, Moejes, Fiona Wanjiku. 2018. Organelle genomes of Sargassum confusum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): mtDNA vs cpDNA. Journal of Applied Phycology, March 2018.
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Helmes, Roel J. K., López-Contreras, Ana M., Benoit Maud Abreu, Helena, Maguire,Julie, Moejes, Fiona and  van den Burg, Sander W. K. 2018. Environmental Impacts of Experimental Production of Lactic Acid for Bioplastics from Ulva spp. Sustainability 2018, 10(7), 2462
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Vitamin K₃, as either menadione nicotinamide bisulfite [MNB] or menadione sodium bisulphite [MSB], is safe for all animal species and authorized for use as a nutritional additive without time limit or maximum content under Council Directive 70/524/EEC. However, both MSB and MNB are sensitive to light and heat and considerable loss can occur in feed manufacture. The inclusion of MNB or MSB in fish diets in a way where their viability and stability is optimized will facilitate greater opportunity for uptake into fish tissue. Studies have shown that MSB may be toxic in mammals and one study found that Atlantic salmon fed MSB (at a concentration of 30 mg/kg) showed reduced performance. In contrast, MNB has been shown to be relatively well tolerated at high concentrations in rainbow trout. As a result of these studies, MNB is the more commonly used form of vitamin K₃ added to fish feeds and will be used in this trial.

Thus, OKIN aims to examine the effect of fortifying salmon diets with different levels of vitamin K₃ on the concentration of vitamin K in the resulting fillet and identification of the optimized level of inclusion in the diet.

The CoCliME (Co-development of Climate Services for adaptation to changing Marine Ecosystems) project will co-develop and co-produce bespoke, proof-of-concepts or prototype marine ecosystem climate services and a transferable framework for climate services development, to support informed decision making relevant to climate change-related ecological and socio-economic impacts across different coastal regions.

BMRS is involved in WP1 (co-development with users), WP3 (ecological and socio-economic impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and their users) and WP4 (delivery and dissemination of CoCLiME services and transferable processes). The project is looking at historical data to project the long-term (in 10+ years) effect of climate change on coastal regions using modelling tools. In collaboration with the Marine Institute, we are in charge of the Irish Atlantic case study which focuses on Bantry Bay. Based on initial results, CoCliME is aiming to provide a climate service that will include model projections for the next 20 years on physical environmental conditions and expert opinion on how these changes might affect harmful phytoplankton and microbes.

BMRS has created questionnaires and surveys, and conducted interviews for engaging with different stakeholders involved in aquaculture in Bantry Bay (producers and processors), and have completed Engagement Points 1 and 2.